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※ [本文轉錄自 PublicIssue 看板 #1MHiBjhj ]

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        【說明】






        CONFIDENTIAL                                    Copy No.74
        機密
        C. (55) 38 u

        11th February, 1955
        1955年2月11日

                                      CABINET
                                     　內 閣
                                  ───────
                                      FORMOSA
                                    福 爾 摩 沙

                NOTE BY THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS
                                  外交部部長註記

        I circulate for the information of my colleagues a note on the
        juridical aspects of the Formosa situation in accordance with a
        suggestion made at the meeting of the Cabinet on 31st January
        (C.C. (55) 8th Conclusion, Minute 2).
        謹依 1 月 31 日內閣會議之建議，就福爾摩沙狀態之法律面向提供相關
        資訊供內閣同仁傳閱參考。

        Foreign Office, S.W. 1.,
        外交部
        10th February, 1955.
        1955年2月10日

                ───────────────────────

                 JURIDICAL ASPECTS OF THE FORMOSA SITUATION
                          福爾摩沙狀態的法律面向


        Formosa and the Pescadores
        福爾摩沙與澎湖

        1.Formosa and the Pescadores were ceded to Japan by China in
          the Peace Treaty of Shimonoseki of 1895.

          福爾摩沙及澎湖於 1895 年依馬關條約由中國割讓給日本。

          The validity of this cession can hardly be contested.

          此割讓的有效性難以挑戰。

          The Cairo Declaration of December, 1943, with its reference
          to Formosa as one of the territories which Japan had "stolen
          from the Chinese" was a retrospective moral condemnation of
          an international transaction which, at the time and long
          afterwards, was never questioned as being in any way contrary
          to international law.



    歸納：馬關條約合法、有效地將台澎主權移轉給日本，國際法上難以挑戰。


        2:In the Cairo Declaration, the Allies stated that it was their
          purpose "that all the territories which Japan has stolen from
          China, such as .... Formosa and the Pescadores shall be
          restored to the Republic of China" This declaration was simply
          a statement of intention that Formosa should be retroceded to
          China after the war.



          This retrocession has in fact never taken place because of the
          difficulties arising from the existence of two entities
          claiming to represent China and the differences among the
          Powers as to the status of these two entities.

          但因為有兩個主張代表中國的實體存在，且同盟國成員對這兩個實體
          的地位有不同觀點，導致此項歸還事實上從未發生。

          The Potsdam Declaration of July, 1945, laid down as one of
          the conditions for the Japanese Peace Treaty that the terms
          of the Cairo Declaration should be carried out.

          1945 年 7 月的波茨坦宣言將「開羅宣言的條款應該履行」定為
          日本和平條約的條件之一。

          In September, 1945, the administration of Formosa was taken
          over from the Japanese by Chinese forces pursuant to the
          Japanese Instrument of Surrender and General Order No. 1
          issued by the Japanese Government at the direction of the
          Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, dated September 2,
          1945. But this was not a cession nor did it in itself involve
          any change of sovereignty.

          在 1945 年 9 月，依據日本政府在盟軍總司令指示下於 1945 年 9 月
          2 日發布的日本降伏文書及一般命令第一號，福爾摩沙的管理權由日
          本移交到中國部隊。但這並非領土割讓，其本身也不涉及任何主權變動。

          The arrangements made with Chiang Kai-shek put him there on
          a basis of military occupancy, responsible to the whole body
          of the Allies, pending a peace treaty with Japan or, if the
          status of Formosa was not finally settled by that treaty
         (which it was not), then pending an eventual settlement about
          Formosa—which has not yet taken place. The arrangements
          did not of themselves constitute the territory Chinese.



          In the Japanese Peace Treaty of April, 1952, Japan formally
          renounced all right, title and claim to Formosa and the
          Pescadores, but again this did not operate as a transfer
          to Chinese sovereignty, whether to the Chinese People's
          Republic or to the Chinese Nationalist authorities.




          It has been suggested that the Japanese Peace Treaty meant
          that the parties to the Peace Treaty, other than Japan, had
          become co-sovereigns of Formosa. This seems doubtful. The
          Peace Treaty merely removed Japan's title without making
          any alterations in the existing arrangements for its
          administration.



　　歸納：1.開羅宣言是未實現的意向聲明 (statement of intent)。


          6.日本和平條約只是使日本失去主權，並未改變治理權的安排。


        3.Formosa and the Pescadores are, therefore, in the view of
          Her Majesty's Government, territory the de jure sovereignty
          over which is uncertain or undetermined.

          因此，就吾國政府之觀點，福爾摩沙及澎湖是法理 (de jure) 主權
          未確定或未定的領土。

          In the meantime, Her Majesty's Government do in practice
          recognise the Chinese Nationalists as the authority
          administering Formosa; but they do not recognise them as
          the de facto government of Formosa, whether as part of China
          or on any other basis, since they do not regard Formosa, as
          such, as constituting a separate State.



    歸納：1.臺澎法理主權未定。
        　2.英國政府在實務上承認中國國民黨政權是福爾摩沙治理當局，但不
        　　承認其為事實上政府。


        4.The logical corollary of our view as to the basis on which
          the Chinese Nationalists occupy Formosa is that although
          they are entitled to be in Formosa, they exercise a limited
          authority there.



          As we do not recognise the Nationalists as the Government
          of China, they are not, in our view, entitled to use Formosa
          for trying to get back into the mainland of China.

          由於我們並不承認國民黨政權是中國政府，因此，就我們的觀點，該
          政權無權利用福爾摩沙來重返中國大陸。

          Their powers in respect of Formosa are, or should be,
          strictly confined to administering Formosa itself and not
          using it as a base for outside activities.

          該政權對福爾摩沙的權力是，或應該是，嚴格限縮在治理福爾摩沙本
          身，且不得將其作為該政權對外活動的基地。

    歸納：1.中國國民黨政權只能在台灣行使有限的權力。
          2.中國國民黨政權無權利用台灣來重返中國大陸。
          3.中國國民黨對台灣的權力應嚴格限縮在治理台灣。


        5.On the future of Formosa, Mr. Morrison when Foreign Secretary
          in the late Labour Government, took the line in the House of
          Commons on May 11, 1951, that it had now become "an
          international problem in which a number of nations apart from
          those signatory to the Cairo and Potsdam Declarations are
          closely concerned" and which could usefully be considered by
          the United Nations at the appropriate time.



          The Prime Minister said in the House of Commons on February 1
          of this year that " the problem of Formosa [had] become an
          international problem in which a number of other nations are
          closely concerned."

          首相在今年 (1955) 2 月 1 日於下議院表示「福爾摩沙的問題已成
          為其他許多國家密切關注的國際問題。」

    歸納：臺澎未來已成為國際問題，可於適當時機交由聯合國考慮。


        The Coastal Islands
        沿海島嶼（主要指金馬等鄰近中國沿海省份的島嶼）

        6. The Nationalist-held islands in close proximity to the
           China coast are in a different category from Formosa and
          the Pescadores, since they are undoubtedly Chinese territory
          and therefore, in our view, part of the territory over which
          the People's Republic of China is entitled to exercise
          authority.



          Any attempt by the Government of the People's Republic of China,
          however, actually to assert its authority over these islands
          by force would, in the circumstances peculiar to the case,
          give rise to a situation endangering peace and security,
          which is properly a matter of international concern.



    歸納：1.中國沿海島嶼是中國領土，中華人民共和國有權行使權力。
        　2.中華人民共和國政府若藉武力對這些島嶼行使權力會有害和平與安
        　　全並引發國際關注。

        7th February, 1955.
        1955年2月7日

        完整文件下載：https://goo.gl/EPJAxa
        英國國家檔案局檔案連結：http://goo.gl/ioPX0k


                                            －臺澎國際法法理建國連線－
                                            （https://goo.gl/x9z6Rs）



      附註：我們注意到之前有網友回覆本連線之前的摘錄文時提出一些說法，
        　　在此簡單回覆：

        　1.關於《中日和平條約》，又名《台北和約》：
        　　1)日本於簽署台北和約時舊金山和約已經生效，日本已喪失臺澎主
        　　　權，無法決定臺澎主權歸屬。


        　　3)中華民國外交部承認台北和約無法解決台澎主權未定問題。
              http://i.imgur.com/8zbOqlI.jpg


        　2.關於某網友所引「獨派臉友」看法：
        　　＊英國是開羅宣言、波茨坦宣言、舊金山和約當事國，其法律見解
        　　　極富參考價值。

        　3.關於英國與中國的關係：
        　　1)英國與中華人民共和國建交和英國對台澎主權的立場是不同議題。



        　4.關於美國的台灣關係法 (Taiwan Relation Act) 及美國－香港政策
        　　法 (US-Hong Kong Policy Act)：


            2)美國香港政策法第 2 條第 (1) 項 (A) 款明白承認香港主權自
        　　　1997 年 7 月 1 日回歸中華人民共和國。


        　　　已由中國取得的香港也不會因為美國的香港政策法就變成美國的。



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